While planning any stair important dimension to find out first is the rise and tread of stair and their numbers. Staircase Design Calculation. We know that for any stair numbers of tread for any single flight are one less than several rises. Thread in the staircase is a top portion or surface of step on which foot of ascender or descender comes when going up or download by stair.
Formula to calculate riser and tread in a staircase, Nos. The length of the staircase depends on nos. For foot ceiling height, the length of the staircase is feet. If the numbers of tread are 16 and the riser is 17 in the staircase. Formula to calculate riser in the staircase, Nos. You May Also Like. Search for:. Post Contents. Components of Stair. Tread Riser Formula Nos.
Thread-In Staircase Thread in the staircase is a top portion or surface of step on which foot of ascender or descender comes when going up or download by stair. A professional in-home measurement for carpet from Baltimore Floor Works is indispensable. With the final amount of carpeting calculated courtesy of the in home measurement, you will be able to select the carpet you love that is kind to your budget.
Call us or stop by our showroom in Westminster, MD to schedule your free in-home measurement for your carpet today. Call Us Free In-Home Carpet Measurement. Stair treads are available with or without outer returns. Standard woods available include red oak, white oak, maple, hickory, and Brazilian cherry. Pre-finished treads and risers are offered in many colors.
Lining with wood 82 stairs with unequal pitch 65 3. Lining with textiles or PVC 83 3. Turning points on string stairs with stair and 3. Creaking stairs-curing the creaking noise 83 railing wreath 66 3. Design of a half-wreath between flights of.
Stair railings 84 stairs with equal pitch 66 3. Stair railings made from ornamental ironwork 84 3. Effects of the arrangement of steps on the view 3. Steel stair railing on steel stairs 89 of the landing from below 67 3. Wooden stair railing 92 3.
Grid pattern for the design of a half-landing 3. Stair railing components 92 wreath 68 3. Wooden stair railings with provision for flower 3. Newel staircases 69 boxes 97 3.
Determination of the plan on the basis of 3. Handrails with glass panels 98 headroom 70 3. Carvings on stairs 3. Starting sections of spiral newel staircases 71 3. Plan, on the basis of headroom and access 3. Stairs in gardens and similar outdoor areas area, of spiral staircases with a diameter of 3. Elevation of outdoor stairs more than 1. Technical hints on the construction of stairs in 3. Spiral newel staircases-guide dimensions- gardens and outdoor areas types 74 3.
Spiral newel staircases with unusual plans 75 Sources 3. Spiral staircases with unusual starting and finishing arrangements 75 DIN Floor heights and stair rises 3.
Arrangement of starting and top landing sections of newel staircases 76 DIN Stairs, terms 3. Until nearly all staircases, even those in large resi- dential blocks, were made of wood. Because of the amount of 1. The relatively small dwellings that were built twenty to thirty destruction that took place during the war, new building regu- years ago are no longer regarded as acceptable.
New regu- lations frequently stipulated nonflammable materials for almost lations concerning noise and heat insulation as well as gov- all stairs. This is a regrettable development, since good stair builders must combine the design capabilities and three-dimensional approach 2.
The style of living has changed. The time when sober inte- of the carpenter with the exact and neat craftsmanship of the join- riors were the order of the day has gone. Excessive nostalgic er. Techniques of Staircase Construction therefore provides welcome reversal to previous styles has also passed. Turners, ropemakers, potters, terials and the actual construction. Good craftsmanship is again ap- ful, since stair construction now consists of two main areas: one preciated and well paid.
Many, and above all young, craftsmen comprises ready-made stairs and their varied possibilities, the have recognized this renaissance.
They see a chance to sidestep other, stairs made by craftsmen in a variety of types and styles. Unfortunately, much gain lost ground and that we can speak in the near future not craft knowledge has been lost. This applies in particular to stair only of a renaissance of wooden structures but also of stairs, I construction, which requires a high degree of expert knowledge, express my good wishes for a wide distribution of this excellent manual dexterity, and design capability.
All those who want to brush up their general knowledge of stair construction techniques or acquire new insights will benefit September from this book. It provides basic knowledge for apprentices and students and technical assistance to the designer and producer of Donat Muller stairs.
The first part deals with the general theory of stair construc- Chairman of the Federation of German Joiners within the tion. It discusses concepts and terminology, dimensions, calcu- Central Association of the German Building Trade lations, and types of construction, all of which are illustrated by numerous drawings and pictures.
The most important of the President of the Associations of Bavarian Joiners many statutory regulations and recommendations for stair con- and Timber Construction Trades struction are summarized in the second part of this book. The third part deals with the practical aspects of stairs, espe- cially in domestic buildings. Stair elevations lead to questions of detail for which solutions are required.
It is thus pOSSible to elu- cidate connections that result not only in good construction work but also in the exemplary design of stairs. If wood is given pref- erence over other materials, this is because the qualities of this material have once again been recognized by domestic architects. Moreover, wooden stairs have major design advantages in re- construction projects.
The fourth and last part of this book gives a number of ex- amples and design ideas. General Theory of Stair Construction 1.
Plan shapes, including area and space requirements for The dimensions for area requirements of stairs Tr and stair- stairs and staircases cases Tr-R are rounded-off guide dimensions. Depending on the direction in which the rising stairs turn, we refer to right stair- In order to arrive, with usual stair types, at comparable area cases or left staircases.
Dimensional terms relating to stairs Railing Parts Made from Wood Designation of stair and railing parts 1.
Bannister, middle section turned, square ends 2. Bannister, turned 3. Rectangular bannister 4. Flat bannister with shaped edges 5. Turned handrail standard 6. Rounded bannister 7. Rectangular handrail 8. Symmetrically shaped handrail 9.
Overhanging handrail Face string Blind string String wreath Handrail Handrail wreath Ornamental beading Dimensional Terms Relating to Stairs Ornamental rosette Railing with Wooden Paneling 1. Stairwell, length Stairwell, width Floor height Stairwell wall '5' 1J. Molded handrail Flute Molded beading Shaped panel 5. Landing 5.
Half-landing 6 Chamfered beading 7. Landing width 9 Rounded beading 8. First flight 9. Top flight Cornice First step 12 Top step Wall string Stairwell Walking line 17 Flight length basic length Flight width Landing turning post Stair pitch Run A Flight length over pitch Headroom 1. First handrail standard Bar, turned 3. Openwork twist Designation of Stair Parts 4. Base cover rosette 5. Forged handrail with curved end section 6.
Lower chord 7. First standard square standard 8. Bar flat steel '. Upper chord. Lower chord Glass safety glass. Handrail standard, first step 2. Edges ground 2. Handrail standard, top step polished 3. Section width of string Handrail 3. Fitted in groove 4. Step tread Handrail standard cylindrical 4. Clamped 5. Riser Handrail standard with rosette 5. Holding plates 6. Undercut Blind string 6. Standard 7. Height of rise S Balustrade handrail 7. Handrail 8. Width of tread A Ceiling height, un plastered 9.
Basic dimension of staircase Finished height, top Floor height Finished height. Solid rectangular step Overhang blind string Stairs made from wood Saddle-type stairs without risers. The supporting beams are notched from the top, and only the lower un- notched section can be considered for static calculations.
Care should be tak- en with long strings. Saddle-type stairs with risers. Over- hang beyond the outer edge of the supporting strings. The supporting wooden brackets. The tread is screwed element consists of two beams made up from glued planks and on from the underside of the bracket; core board. The hollow section should be filled with glass wool subsequently, tread and bracket are or other noise-insulating materials. Saddle-type stairs with twin support- ing strings.
Saddle-type stairs with tread sup- ports. Round wooden or steel supports, about mm thick, are placed below the treads, which are supported at four points and should be cross-banded. Closed string staircase.
Mortised stairs. Risers and treads are mortised to a depth f about 2 cm into 5 to 6-cm- Saddle-type stairs fastened with steel thick strings. The step is held angles. A strong connection between together by continuous bolts, supporting string and treads. Mortised open-riser stairs. Mortised stairs without ris- ers. The visible bolts may be Saddle-type stairs with handrail stan- sunk into the treads.
The supports are notched; the un- derside of the steps is fastened at the back by dowels. Handrail standards and ends of treads are notched, doweled, and glued together.
Design variations of mor- tised stairs. Steps and supporting strings con- notched sist of glue-laminated layers and are 3. Treads notched, corners linked by strong dowels. This design is cut off and bolted onto the particularly suitable for large staircases.
Stairs made predominantly from steel 1. Stairs made predominantly from stone 1. Saddle-type stairs. Rectan- and concrete gular steel tubing used for sup- porting beams 1. Flat steel 1. Stairs attached on one side bent accordionlike in the shape only. Treads inserted into re- of stairs is bolted or welded cesses of the wall and linked onto the string as support for on the other side by a bolt. In the treads. These can be made order to provide noise insula- from cast stone or wood and tion for adjacent rooms, rock- are fastened from underneath.
The supporting string should be filled with foam for maximum noise insulation when the stairs are in use. String staircases. Strings made from rectangular steel tubing with welded-on angles supporting the treads. Risers and treads made from cast or natural stone placed onto plain concrete and embedded in mortar. The steps should project laterally by 3. This is welded onto strings made from steel channels 1.
Textile covers can also be fitted to the underside of the stairs. The strings may also consist of wood, into 2 a. In this example, only which the steel sheet can be treads but no risers are placed slotted and bolted 2. T- shaped sections are welded onto the approximately mm-thick steel sheet string. The steps are grooved and Stairs with cantilever treads. Fair-faced concrete slabs 1 are screwed onto the brackets.
The fitted into a cm-thick wall. Channel-shaped glue-laminated tread thickness should be re- board 2 and carpeting 3 attached from the underside. The duced all around by the thick- wooden board is attached to the concrete slab by special anchor- ness of the textile cover.
Stairs supported by a tu- bular steel frame. Instead of a face string, a welded tubular steel frame made from rectan- gular tubing supports the treads.
The frame is fitted be- tween the ceilings of the floors or extends over a length of about 90 cm over the upper floor and serves at the same time as balustrade. The treads are bolted on from under- neath.
Stair railings with wooden or metal bannisters attached to the 1. Railings made from various materials outside of the handrail. No panel- ing. A clear modem design that The main function of stair railings is to provide safety. The in- permits many variations. Ban- either by invisible dowels or by nIsters can have round, square, or rectangular cross sections of visible screws.
Handrail with steel rods out- side the handrail and midrail side- ways onto the stairs. Stair railings with bannisters Cross section of steel rod, side- 1. Stair railings with L-shaped ways onto the stairs, approxi- handrail and cylindrical bannis- mately 10 x 40 mm. Cross section of the steel rod, Small-diameter bannisters should lengthwise to the stairs, ap- be fitted to a depth of cm proximately 15 x 40 mm.
Cross section of the steel rod, square to the stairs, approxi- mately 22 x 22 mm. Stair railings with T-shaped handrail, cylindrical bannisters, The midrail should be at least 22 and rectangular intermediate mm thick. Bolting of strings, hand- member. The installation of an in- rail, and midrail is from the stair termediate member provides thin side. Stair railings using these bannisters with greater stability.
Handrail and midrail can either be made as an integrated frame or as individual units. Stair railings with oval hand- rail and fishbelly-shaped bannis- ters. This type of handrailing, 7. Stair railing with steel sup- which has been used for many ports fastened on the outside. This gives an impression of lightness, and such constructions should preferably be used in narrow staircases.
The stability of the stair railing in the direction of the stair flight is less than that provided by a midrail; the standard at the bottom step therefore has to withstand the forces acting in this direction. Saddle-type treads notched 4. Stair railings with panels. The Safety glass or acrylic glass panels treads, into which the bannisters fitted between handrail and are fitted, are equipped with string. As can be seen from the special fastening sleeves on the sketch, stairs and railings form a face side, since the thread of design unit.
In order to avoid un- wooden screws would not grip attractive covering strips, the properly in end-grain blocks. The curved comers are fastening devices: their ends may highly labor intensive but provide project between 5 and 10 mm a distinctive feature. Stair railings Wrought iron stair with rope in lieu of a railing. Starting post with solid handrail. The indi- the direction of the vidual units are joined by line of force is to- brass sleeves; the forged ward the outside; bottom chord is bent to through the bannis- match the staircase and ter rods it returns, the handrail shaped at the on the step below, edge, its top hammered.
The tops of the ban- nister rods are bent so that the rope can be threaded through. Stair railings consist- ing of vertical boards. This rustic design, which per- mits many variations, can be fitted to newel staircas- es.
It can also be made into an attractive feature of string staircases, with the treads projecting through the board. Stair railing with midrail and steel-tube handrailing. Box profile midrail, with the gap equaling the thickness of the vertical rods. This sub- stantial design is particu- larly effective when paint- ed. Veneered molded staircases. Stairs consisting of cores onto which veneers have been fitted and glued. Dowels must be used when bonding vertical cross joints.
Single-board stair railing-a rustic design suiting rustic stairs with treads slotted into posi- tion. The wood is solid throughout. All fastenings are visible as a special fea- ture. Railings with load- 1. Handrail profiles bearing handrail stairs with suspended treads 1. Handrails made from wood In the following examples, the handrail forms part of the static Today, most handrails are stair design and fulfills a load- made in the general shape of a bearing function.
By skillfully rectangular plank. They are utilizing these elements, it is nonslippery so that they pro- possible to build stairs at a rea- vide support and security, es- sonable cost that nevertheless peCially to older people. The give the impression of light- shape of the handrail should ness. It is advantageous to an- match the style of the staircase, chor the handrail of a straight and its cross section should be flight of stairs where it inter- in proportion to its span sects the ceiling.
The type of profile The rods have a safety function chosen for straight or circular and act as suspension or ten- handrails has a significant sion rods. All handrails should be made from hard textured wood and given a good surface finish, so that they do not look greasy after a Stairs with suspended steps short period of use. In the sketch shown above, the standard supports the lower part of the handrail. Starting from the handrail, tension rods pass through the treads that are to be connected to each other.
Tension rods can consist of mm steel tubing that passes through the treads and 1. Handrails made is bolted onto these horizontal- from steel, nonferrous metals, ly.
In the case of stairs subject or plastics to much traffic, they may be made from threaded round Handrails made from pure bars. The board inserted be- steel appear fresh, while natu- tween the bannister rods is a rally treated wooden handrails safety feature. Special hand- and tension rods made from rails are the prerogative of hard textured wood. The sus- large stair constructions.
Where pension rods shown in the the handrails are relatively slim, middle picture do not provide the standards should be ar- ranged at an angle, so that fin- Enlarged maximum stability.
The struc- ture is held together at the top gers can slide past them. The cross section of the handrail is in the form of a T or L so that the upper pressure zone of the handrail is protected against l'1teral buckling. Grab rails The distance between grab rails and wall should be at least 4 em, Stairs with suspended treads the depth 8 em. Lights in- and flat steel tension and cross stalled behind these handrails are members. Strong welded con- an architecturally interesting fea- struction consisting of flat bars ture and provide additional se- approximately 10 x 40 mm curity.
Note, however, that if the and attached laterally to the walls are badly rendered they ap- handrail. Half-turn stair with landing and a cen- trally arranged "spine" string made from in-situ cast concrete. The treads are de- signed as solid rectangular steps, laid in ce- ment mortar. Railing: flat steel with wooden panels, handrail made from oak wood, fit- ted into a steel chord.
Single-flight, straight, saddle-type staircase; the centrally positioned spine string is made from glue-laminated pine- wood. The treads are made from cross- banded oak and are glued and doweled with about ten dowels onto the notched beam. The stair railing is in the form of a glue-laminated pine board, with tubular steel supports forming the connection be- tween treads and railing.
Single-flight, spiral, semicircular, sad- dle-type staircase; the centrally positioned spine string consists of in-situ concrete, the treads of marble. The treads are anchored on the outer edges by chromium-plated steel bolts and attached to the spine string by metal ties and concrete mortar. Stair railing and balustrade are made from chro- mium-plated tubular steel with mounting devices for the acrylic glass panels.
Hand- rail: glue-laminated oak. Straight saddle-type staircase. The two oak support strings are glue-laminated and fitted with doweled brackets. Stairs: solid oak. The stair railing consists of cylindrical rods with a rectangular handrail of solid oak, which is fitted into and doweled onto the first and last standards.
Bannister rods: ash. Single-flight semicircular staircase, saddle-type. The supporting strings consist of rectangular steel tubing, welded together in the shape of steps; the treads are oak, bolted onto the supports from underneath.
The bannister rods of this wrought iron stair railing are either twisted or decorated with openwork twist, while the main standards at the top and bottom are twisted. Half-turn saddle-type staircase with landing, string beams from rectangular steel tubing, with the angular intersection be- tween stair flight and landing being welded.
The treads are supported by flat, angular steel welded onto the beam. The treads, consisting of laminated chipboard V are glued together in several layers, with the bottom layer and edge of the back con- sisting of 1. Ends: solid teak; top and front edge: textile cover; ban- nister rods: chromium-plated bright steel. The saddle-type treads and risers of this staircase are marble.
The edges of the treads project by about 5 cm, those of the risers by about 3 cm from the concrete core. The handrailing consists of steel rods with panels of safety glass, with the tubular steel rods and welded-on channels supporting the glass panels. Handrail: solid mahogany. Single-flight semicircular staircase, mortised, open riser. Wall string: solid red fir; face string: 3-mm fir veneer, glue-lam- inated.
Steps: solid oak, cured. Handrail: glue-laminated oak, slightly molded. Ban- nisters: bent and glue-laminated boards, shaped at the edges. The four large stair segments are suspended from the ceiling by V-2 steel rods suspended staircase. Stringers, standards, and handrails are, at the respective joints, tied together by strong steel ties and dowels.
The steps consist of cross-banded laminated core board, ve- neered on top with a 6-mm sawn veneer, on all other sides with a 3-mm sliced oak veneer. Single-flight semicircular spiral stair- case, mortised, open riser. The strings con- sist of glue-laminated pine Veneer. The blind string elements are fitted with glass panels, consisting of lO-mm security glass. The wall string should be anchored centrally in order to avoid a pendulum effect. Single-flight semicircular stairs, mor- tised, open riser.
The wall string consists of solid oak, the central string of a glue- laminated solid oak block. The steps are of laminated wood vertical glue joints with a textile cover. On the wall side, wooden handrails and on the inside of the stair rail- ing, a mm-diameter rope attached to browned metal loops.
Left Spiral staircase, single-flight, stylized, mortised, open riser. Strings are glue-laminated, the face string decorated with ornamental beading and covering ro- settes. The bannister rods are turned wood, the handrail standard at the bottom step has molding all around. Right Single-flight spiral staircase, mortised, stylized. Bannisters in the form of turned rods. Turned handrail standard at the bottom of the step with a helically molded end of the handrail. Half-turn staircase with landing quarter-landing , mortised face string with string wreath.
The wrought steel stair rail- ing consists of bent, forged flat steel, joined by brass sleeves. Lower chord from flat steel, upper chord flat brass profile. Single-flight stairs, slightly curved at the bottom step, mortised, stylized.
The bottom step is shown by the plan to be a slightly rounded solid rectangular step; the starting post is rectangular and carved on both sides; bannister rods turned diameter more than approx. Double-flight staircase with quarter- landing, closed string, stylized.
Face string with quarter string wreath. The handrailing is designed as a panel structure with or- namental beading. All components shown by the plan to be circular consist of glue- laminated oak veneer. The blind string of the balustrade covers the edge of the floor. Single-flight straight staircase, mor- tised, treads and risers made from core- wood, top and bottom surfaces with textile cover. The wall string is distant from the wall by about 8 cm. The face string with top and bottom handrail standards and the handrail consists of various layers of over- lapping core wood, glued together to form one unit.
Half-turn staircase with half-landing, mortised. The glue-laminated pine strings are anchored to the reinforced concrete landing slab. The face strings are joined at the turning point by connecting pieces. The stair railing consists of bannister rods and a rectangular handrail with mitered corners at the turning point.
Bannister rods: mm bright steel, browned. Single-flight straight staircase, mor- tised into the wall string, whose outline follows the line of the stairs. On the face side, steps suspended by steel rods.
The handrail has a support function and must be secured against lateral buckling. The handrail standard at the bottom step is an- chored to the first step by a strong steel an- gle piece. For this pur- pose, 4O-mm-long sleeves should be fitted into the face of the steps.
On the face side, treads suspended by board-type bannisters, shaped at the edges. Connection between steps and bannisters by wedges. Single-flight spiral staircase.
Sup- porting structure from in-situ cast concrete below exposed concrete, top surface with textile cover. The glue-laminated wall and face strings must be fitted before the textile cover, working from the top surface of the steps.
Bannisters and handrails are glue- laminated. The lO-mm acrylic glass panels should be dimensioned as large as possible. They are fitted into grooves in handrail and strings and secured by adhesive.
Newel staircase, single flight. Newel consisting of several glue-laminated planks. The pine treads have been slotted into the newel to a depth of about 3 cm and are se- cured by hardwood dowels passed through the newel. Fastening on the wall side by flat metal strips fitted into the steps.
Newel staircase, single run.
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